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Understanding the Fodder Scam : A Dark Chapter in Bihar’s History The Fodder Scam, also known as the “Chara Ghotala,” is one of India’s most infamous corruption scandals. Taking place in the 1990s in Bihar, it involved the embezzlement of approximately ₹950 crore from the state’s Animal Husbandry Department. This scandal exposed deep-rooted corruption and inefficiencies within the political and administrative systems of the time. Key Players and Their Roles - Lalu Prasad Yadav: As the Chief Minister of Bihar during the height of the scam, Lalu was the central figure. Allegedly, he used his position to facilitate and shield the fraudulent activities. - S.B. Sinha: A senior official in the Animal Husbandry Department, Sinha masterminded the creation of fake documents to justify illegal withdrawals. - R.K. Rana: A middleman who acted as a bridge between Lalu Prasad Yadav and the corrupt officials. - Former Chief Ministers of Bihar: Some allegations suggest that certain predecessors to ...

Basics of NumPy NumPy is a Python library for numerical computations. It provides support for arrays, matrices, and various mathematical operations. Key functions: np.array() - Creates an array. np.mean(), np.median(), np.std() - Statistical calculations. np.linspace() and np.arange() - Create sequences. np.dot() - Matrix multiplication. --- Basics of Pandas Pandas is a library for data manipulation and analysis. Two main structures: Series: One-dimensional data. DataFrame: Two-dimensional, like a table. Key functions: pd.read_csv() - Reads a CSV file. df.head() - Displays the first rows. df.describe() - Summary statistics. df.isnull() - Detects missing values. --- Feature Scaling Adjusts the scale of features to make them comparable. Techniques: Standardization: (x - mean) / std_dev Normalization: (x - min) / (max - min) --- Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and LDA PCA: Reduces dimensionality by finding components that explain variance. LDA: Linear Discriminant Analysis focuses on m...